Continuing from the previous blog post, here’s the second part exploring the remaining six word classes (according to the Standard Grammar of Indonesian Language Fourth Edition [Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia Edisi IV] published by the Badan Bahasa in 2017, Indonesian word classes are divided into eleven categories: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, numerals, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, articles, and emphasizing particles):
- Numerals (Numeralia): Numerals are words used to count nouns, such as “lima” (five) and “beberapa” (several). There are two main types of numerals: cardinal numerals, which answer the question “how many,” and ordinal numerals, which answer the question “which number.” Cardinal numerals are also known as cardinal numbers, while ordinal numerals are referred to as ordinal numbers.
- Prepositions (Kata Depan): Prepositions are words that indicate the relationship between their objects and other words in a sentence. They are placed before the words they govern (nouns, adjectives, or adverbs) and form prepositional phrases. Prepositions mark various relationships, such as place, purpose, cause, manner, agency, time, topic, and origin.
- Conjunctions (Kata Hubung): Conjunctions are words that connect two or more linguistic units (words, phrases, clauses, or sentences). They come in single (e.g., “untuk” – for) and compound forms (e.g., “oleh karena” – because). Conjunctions can behave as prepositions when followed by a word or phrase rather than a clause.
- Interjections (Kata Seru): Interjections are words that express feelings or emotions, such as “aduh” (ouch) or “astaga” (oh my). They are typically used in informal conversations and are rarely used in formal contexts. Interjections do not relate to other sentence elements and can be omitted. They come in various forms, both basic (e.g., “dong” – well) and derived (e.g., “sialan” – damn).
- Articles (Kata Sandang): Articles are words that limit the meaning of nouns. They are placed before nouns to form noun phrases. There are three types of articles: title articles (e.g., “sang” and “sri”), group articles (e.g., “para” – for groups), and nominal articles (e.g., “si” – for honorifics).
- Emphasizing Particles (Partikel Penegas): As the name suggests, emphasizing particles emphasize the word preceding them. There are four emphasizing particles: “pun,” “-kah,” “-lah,” and “-tah.” The first form is written separately from the preceding word, while the last three are written together. The “-tah” particle is rarely used nowadays.
Stay tuned for more insights into the fascinating world of Indonesian linguistics!
*The review above provides a brief insight into the Indonesian language, focusing specifically on word classes as outlined in the book “Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia Edisi IV,” published by the Badan Bahasa.
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